SOLAR CITIES

Feeling Insecure about Food Security? Try tree cereals...

2011-09-19T03:53:00.000-07:00

The acorns are shelled and put to boil on our biogas stove. The shells go into the insinkerator along with the tannin rich hot water as it is changed. The insinkerator, via a pump, sends the nutrients and warmth back to the biodigestor to create more cooking fuel and fertilizer.

In the photograph above I'm using today's biogas, created from yesterday's kitchen garbage (some rotten apples from the apple tree outside and corn cobs from last night's Indian summmer meal of maiz-on-the-cob) to boil out the tannins from another Native American staple: Acorns.

The acorn shells go down the Insinkerator, where the corn cobs went last night, to turn into more gas for preparing more acorns and fertilizer to grow more corn.

And when I cook like this, adding the modern insight of the use of ancient bacteria to make biogas to complement a traditional Native American meal of corn and "A-corn" and then think about this whole "food vs. fuel" debacle and the whole sham of threatened food security and failing agriculture and loss of topsoil and the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and... and... well, it almost makes me lose my appetite.

What food security are they talking about? The security of agribusiness profits? What imminent starvation are we supposed to worry about? Starving the bank accounts of fertilizer and pesticide companies?

I'm not going to make light of the terrible famine threatening more than 10 million people right now in areas of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda because repairing the broken agricultural system now is like the proverbial "fixing an ailing airplane while in flight." The African people used to be able to feed themselves quite reliably before the shift from complex horticulture to monoculture cash cropping was made to serve export led economies under colonialism (and then, with accelerating destructiveness, in its industrialization obsessed aftermath). You can read much more about that topic in "Seeing Like A State: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed" by James Scott (a graduate school classic that everybody should read). And yes, there is terrible food insecurity around the world right now because of the unsustainable practices that companies use to grow most of our luxury foods as well as our staples.

But there is no cause for panic if we start investing now in a tree-cereal based silviculture rather than a grain-based field agriculture.

I was meditating about this road back to food security last weekend while gathering acorns from the decorative trees next to the farm house we stayed at in the French valley of Lorraine and thinking, "just look at the thousands and thousands of acorns lying on the lawn here, slowly rotting away, while the newspapers decry the imminent famines threatening humanity. A Native American would be out here harvesting for the long winter."

And these were just the oaks immediately adjacent to the guest house. Along the way toward the boat house and the dock, from where we were paddling our kayaks in view of the sailboats that wealthy Germans relax in on the weekends, were dozens more majestic oaks, and walking along the entire path one heard the constant rain of falling acorns -- food, falling like manna from heaven from the wonderfully shading canopy above. And this is to say nothing about the surrounding woods and forests where the density of oak trees could feed an army.

Acorns, from Quercus spp., like the seeds other "tree cereals" (the Ramon or Breadnut tree - Brosimum alicastrum - that I studied in Guatemala for my Master's Degree in International Development is another great example) fall as part of a "mast fruiting strategy" that certain trees use to overwhelm predators. The trees, which are giant forest emergents, only need a few individuals from that huge pool of potential seedlings to survive, and they need to get those seeds dispersed as far away from the mother tree as they can, to areas where it isn't as dark as immediately under the the branches from which they fell. So they supersaturate the space beneath them with delicacies on the statistical chance that a squirrel (in the case of the acorns) or bat or coatimundi (in the case of breadnuts) will carry them off to another more favorable location... and then forget where they left them.

The superabundance of tree cereals is something to behold. It is a delight to walk beneath the mother trees during the mast fruiting time. In 1998, while researching urban agroforestry possibilities with Dr. Raul Hinojosa and Dr. Susanna B. Hecht on a grant from UCLA, I stumbled upon the Mayan breadnut on the path to the ruins of Tikal because I literally "stumbled upon" thousands of seeds tripping up my feet. In France last week I stumbled upon so many acorns my mind flipped back to a Sunday afternoon in 1985, gathering acorns at the Arnold Arboretum near Harvard where I was finishing my degree in Biological Anthropology. Fascinated by hunter/gatherer cultures, on a whim, I and my girlfriend decided to see if we could make acorn muffins. They turned out quite nicely, once we had leached the tannins out of the acorns.

The Indians had a way of doing this that required no external energy inputs: they would fill a basket with shelled acorns and place it in a fast flowing stream for two days or so. The water would leach out the tannins (tannins are the astringent chemicals that make wine tart and tea brown) and then they would pound the acorns into a flour meal for bread making. So when the pilgrims came over and were saved that famous Thanksgiving it wasn't just corn bread they were taught about, but acorn bread. And many of our American pioneers (including my direct ancestors, the Robidoux's) lived off of the sweet acorns (and chestnuts and other tree cereals) that they learned about.

But somehow history has neglected to give thanks to the role of tree cereals in creating food security and we were taught to view giant forest trees like the mighty oaks and chestnuts and breadnuts as sources of timber instead of staple food. So we cut down the best form of sustainable agriculture the world has ever known and turned to the grasses, like corn and wheat and rice, for our daily bread, instead of the acorns and breadnuts and chestnuts that we should have held close to our chests and our hearts.

Tree cereals, unlike cereals made from grains, have no adverse environmental impact. Once established they require almost no irrigation (they provide their own microclimates, transpiring water that they gather from deep underground that creates the conditions for better rainfall in a self-perpetuating water cycle). They require no fertilizer (their dropping leaves and the symbiotic bacteria in their rhizomes, along with the nutrient rich dungs brought in by their resident birds and squirrels and chipmunks and insects and other fauna) create a self-perpetuating nutrient cycle. They suffer from no erosion or topsoil loss -- in fact they prevent it even as they build more topsoil. And they need no shade structures for seedling germination -- they provide the shade structure. They even provide plenty of shade and water and food for the animals we like to eat -- for cows (orginally forest animals called Aurochs), for chickens (originally forest fowl) for pigs (original forest swine). So with a tree based agriculture there is no longer any "rainforest beef" or "animals vs. trees" situation. It is all win-win. You can have your cow and eat it too.

A tree based agriculture is also ideal for producing energy -- trees can and should be intercropped, and the superabundance of deadfall and fruitfall that is not suitable for human consumption can be turned directly into biogas while all the nutrients are immediately returned -- supercharged by microbial fermentation byproducts -- as fertilizer to the agroforestry soil.

In the year 2000 I lived off of nothing but forest products -- breadnut tortillas, avocado and lemon slices - for three weeks on our research station at the rainforest edge in Macanche in Guatemala (near Tikal). It was easy to harvest the food - no tilling or ploughing in the hot sun, no sowing, no weeding, nothing but gathering and picking... in the shade! I felt the same elation gathering acorns in a cool microclimate under the trees on a hot day in France last week.

And now I'm preparing the harvest for some muffins -- acorn muffins, not corn muffins. I've eaten acorns right off the tree (they are a bit bitter but edible in small quantities; for some interesting reason they make the water that you drink to wash out the bitter taste suddenly taste sweet), but obviously you have to remove the tannins to do anything useful with them, hence the boiling with biogas shown in the pictures.

It may have been the need to prepare the acorns by leaching out the tannins that made people hungry for quick profits forgo tree cereals and stick with grains, but I'm not sure about that. A more likely explanation is that tree cereals require a sunk investment (the planting of trees) and a waiting period (from 5 to 15 years depending on the species) for starting the thereafter perennial harvest. In areas where forests were intact this would have been competitive; where forests were destroyed (as in Germany and other Celtic or Druid tree worshiping societies where the Romans deliberately chopped and burned all the forests they could to subdue the people) a farmer would do better by forgoing sustainability and looking forward to quick return annual crops. He/she would then know that if the family was kicked off their land, they could start again somewhere else -- tree crops for food security require another kind or security -- land tenure. All of the other arguments against tree cereals don't hold up under scrutiny: The effort for separating wheat from chaff seems to be not much less than shelling acorns, and the removal of the tannins is simple enough to do at home; it could be accomplished even more efficiently on an industrial scale using the same investment of water and energy that are used in many other food processing activities.

Besides the loss of forest resources through tree felling (much of it historically done for building navies and creating charcoal for manufacturing industries and metallurgy as well as for construction and furniture) and the loss of land tenure by the enclosure acts, our lack of interest in tree cereals may be an insidious cultural thing -- the grassland people displaced the forest people and replaced silvacultural norms with pastoral norms.

As you boil the acorns the water will turn tea-brown with tannins. This will also happen in cold water, but takes much longer. Change the water several times (6 to 8 changes worked for me) until the water no longer turns a tea color and the acorns are ready to use. If you do this in cold water the acorns will stay hard, in boiling water they become soft; either way they can be dried as flour. One nice side effect as you boil -- they give off is a wonderful rich nutty aroma that smells delicious.

It is said that in America and in Arabia there were and still are oak trees cultivated for millenia by agroforesters whose acorns are sweet and have no appreciable tannin content. (In Iraq they were called "Bulut" and came from the "white oak".) These are said to be so sweet you can eat them off the tree. The acorns from these varieties require no preparation other than shelling and grinding. In Europe these cultivars may have existed too and may still exist. I haven't found them yet, so I have to remove the tannin from the one's I gathered in France . Lacking a fast flowing stream to leach away the tannins I have to use a more energy intense procedure -- I boil them several times and pour the brown tannin tea off until they are ready to be turned into flour. I'm using biogas made from food waste and the acorn shells so I don't feel so bad about the energy investment, and there are lots of ways to use waste heat to do the trick. The water consumption is negligible; in any event the tannin and nutrient rich gas-heated water, like all of our cooking water, is returned to the biodigester to keep it at the right temperature and provide feedstock for tomorrow's gas.

I'm not going to say that there aren't challenges we will face if we want to return the world to a tree-cereal based agro-economy. Every shift in culture - particularly agri-culture, takes time and innovation But I'm facing these challenges in our own kitchen (following the Solar CITIES "please do try this at home" and "bathrooms and kitchens are the fulcrum of social change" philosophies) and learning to solve them as best I can. And you can too. Next time you take a walk in an area that has oak trees, gather a bag of acorns, come home and shell them, boil out the tannins and make some muffins. And while you do so think about the alternatives -- no, go and actually try them out -- go try to harvest your own wheat or corn or rice and turn it into muffins. Ask yourself which would ultimately be easier -- preparing and fertilizing and irrigating and weeding a large horizontal patch of soil for next years' harvest of grain cereals, and going out there with a sickle or a combine and turning them into our daily bread, or placing some baskets and nets each season under the shade of a glade of trees and turning what drops into them by gravity, after running them through a shelling tumbler and soaking them in water, into your daily bread.

And if agro-industry as we know it falls apart or is interrupted for some reason (a spike in fossil fuel prices, an economic disturbance, a terrible drought or frost), and you have to put bread on the table for your family that you have to make yourself, ask yourself "which option would make me feel more food secure?"

(Check back here later for a photo of the resulting acorn muffins!)

Using an Insinkerator to create a rich compost soil in 3 days instead of 3 weeks or 3 months......

2011-09-01T07:07:00.000-07:00

In previous posts Solar CITIES originated and championed the use of an Insinkerator "Food-Waste-to-Feedstock Preparation Device" (a.k.a. "garbage disposal") to break down kitchen waste into an ideal slurry for home and community scale anaerobic biogas digestors.

Culhane explains to Tamera's compost experts how the fertilizer from an insinkerator fed biogas digestor can produce a superior compost to aerobic processes that use food scraps. Nonetheless, the Insinkerator's output can also be directly applied to a compost bin, or even the garden itself, since it "predigests" the feedstock for rapid decomposition into soil.

Culhane demonstrates the use of the Insinkerator as the "jaws and teeth" of the artificial sacred cow that will produce biogas from kitchen scraps for cooking during Portugal's cloudy days. The Scheffler solar coking mirror used to cook on sunny days in Tamera is shown in the background.

A perfect trio: A biogas digestor, an Insinkerator and a solar cooking Scheffler mrror outside the kitchen at Tamera Eco-Village in Portugal.

Today we explore the use of the Insinkerator as the essential technology for extremely rapid aerobic composting, enabling the use of virtually all organic material found in the home waste stream and reducing the time from kitchen garbage to perfect soil from three months to as little as three days.

The Insinkerator thus provides the feed for a revolution in the way we treat municipal wastes, making it inexcusable for any organic material to be trucked to landfill or to be left to rot in our streets, sewers, rivers, lakes or oceans.

Three days after pouring Insinkerator slurry directly on the ground by the pumpkin patch and covering with a light cover of grass and straw to protect from UV we find a perfect friable soil.

Removing the barriers to urban and suburban composting

For those of us who have been composting for decades - particularly for those of us who have been doing it in the urban environment - the idea that there should be any organic waste at all left rotting in garbage bags and garbage bins, attracting flies and vermin and requiring a noisy, snorting, smoke belching, fossil fuel using garbage truck to collect it and haul it off to a toxic landfill seems ludicrous.

How simple the world would be, we preach to our choir, if everybody would see the value of the elements in their daily waste, and take ownership over them, and allow the god-given biological processes this planet offers to safely and effectively transform that which we throw away into life giving nutrient rich soil.

But we have to acknowledge the frustrations and fears of our compost-reluctant fellows (among them most members of my own family, for whom I've built many an ultimately unused compost bin over the years), most of whom were discouraged by the labor requirements of properly maintaining a compost bin, and who were told by municipalities that they must not put eggs, cheese, dairy products, or meat or bones into their bins (lest they attract animals or create smells!) and for whom the extra burden of "separating their organic wastes" and maintaining good cover material and turning and shoveling turned the adventure into a waste of precious time.

And then there was the issue of just how long it takes to turn daily generated rotting organic muck into useful compost -- for many the swiftest reasonable benchmark was three months -- a hard sell in the urban landscape where space as well as time are at a premium.

A popular gardening website, "Garden Composter" gives the following advice:

Time Limit for Creating the Compost Heap
Unless you have a compost bin you easily fill quickly, you'll need to set yourself a time limit for creating the compost heap. And, you will need to stick to it! The very best way to do this, is to keep a record of when you started your compost pile. Then, according to available space and time you expect to take to fill it, assign yourself a date when you will stop putting garden waste on that heap.
We have various compost heaps of different sizes from 1/2m cubed to 1m cubed. For the smaller compost piles I give myself 3 months in which to create the pile. For the larger, we give them 6 months of 'creation'. Once that date is reached we cap off the compost heap and start creating another.

This may work for the dedicated gardener but the notion of capping off one compost heap and starting another intimidates and often discourages the city dweller and even the suburban weekend green-thumb. Most people evincing a concern for "the environment" will only tolerate at most one compost bin around the house and the notion of having to stop feeding it for months so it can turn into soil makes many simply revert back to dumping their organic wastes in the trash bin to make them "somebody else's problem" (it's what I pay my taxes for, right?).

Worms to the rescue?

For those of us who have been "worm-posting" for decades, relying on the magic of the Annelida phylum to accelerate decomposition and soil formation, often on our city porches or right under our kitchen sinks, producing a fine black well structured humus from our kitchen waste and making a superior liquid compost from the worm castings (often called "worm tea") that can be directly applied to our kitchen garden, we know the waiting time can be reduced (to as short as 6 weeks, some claim) through our symbiotic love affairs with other members of the animal kingdom. However, one problem faced by the not-so-dedicated potential composter is the need to build and maintain a properly structured worm habitat (see http://www.composting101.com/worm-composting.html), another is that worms are said to be somewhat finicky eaters and most vermicomposting guidelines prohibit the feeding of citrus fruit rinds, tomatoes and onions and other "acidic" wastes as well as maintaining the usual prohibition against meat and dairy (see, for example, http://www.mamaswormcomposting.com/frequently-asked-questions.html). But hey, most of what I'm throwing away from my expensive juicer are the rinds of breakfast oranges and grapefruits, I have prodigious heaps of lemon and lime rinds mixed in with fish skin and bones from my "healthy heart" diet, and my whole-wheat pasta regimen demands tons of fresh tomatoes. Once again we reach the point where people come to think that kitchen wastes need to be sorted and this deters many from even starting down the waste-to-soil transformation path.

Temperature to the rescue?

For really quick composting, many organizations (see http://permaculture.org.au/2010/11/08/fast-hot-composting-system/) are recommending the "high temperature" compost solution, wherein the proper mix of food waste, dry grass/straw and animal manure (in a 3:2:1 ratio) can reduce composting time to a mere 3 weeks. The high temperatures come from the large number of aerobic bacterial consortia found in the animal manures (most compost piles will reach high temperatures regardless, but the animal manures accelerate and maintain the thermophilic activity). This is a wonderful solution but again, for the urban dweller the extra burden of collecting straw and animal manure can be the straw that break's the would-be composting camel's back.

Insinkerator to the rescue!

The Insinkerator Evolution 100 unit kindly donated to Solar CITIES by Emerson Electronics (USA parent company of Insinkerator) for our deployment at the Tamera Solar Test Field. Unlike the Evolution 200 which has sophisticated electronics that need perfectly regulated sine wave electricity, the 100 series can handle the vagaries of renewable energy producing electricity without expensive pure sine inverters and is ideal for developing country applications.

The children at Tamera learn how their food scraps can be turned into good soil within 3 days and are encouraged to scrape their plates into the Insinkerator.

No need for turning the compost; the Insinkerator turns the food into a predigested slurry that annelid worms and insects and microbes and fungi and protozoans can turn directly into soil within days rather than months.

Our Solar CITIES experiments in Botswana (November 2010) and Tamera, Portugal (August 2011) have suggested a better way to compost. It is a way that is not only push-button easy but one that lets us adopt a devil-may-care, throw-it-all-down-the-kitchen-sink attitude that encourages rather than discourages the lazy gardener from composting.

It is the use of the Insinkerator food-waste preparation device (formerly known as "the humble garbage disposal") to break down ALL of our organic wastes into slurry for the compost bin.

The need for Jaws!

The notion is a simple one: neither worms nor fungi nor bacteria have any teeth. In the case of bacteria symbiosis and the benefits of mutualism led to a co-evolutionary compromise between large animals and microbes wherein the animals provided the mechanical power, through jaws and teeth (as well as some hydrolytic enzymes), to break down foodstuff to a manageable size, and the bacteria then provided the specialized proteins and processes to turn the chewed slurry into value added building blocks for repairing and building new animal tissue. Meanwhile, the annelids and many tiny members of the insect and arthropoda phyla awaited the end product of this animal/microbial relationship -- an easy to utilize digestate of manure (which they and the soil fungi and bacteria further prepared for plant roots to continue the cycle).

The problem with almost all compost piles based on food wastes instead of manure is that they lack jaws and teeth. It is no wonder that compost takes 3 to 6 months to complete -- weeks and weeks are "wasted" while fungi and bacteria and some hardy intermediate-sized insects struggle in the absence of animal jaws to mechanically or enzymatically break down our food processing and consumption residuals. So much of the literature on composting talks about intransigent materials like corn cobs, fruit rinds and pits and seeds, and meat and bones that can create a nuisance or take months to be broken down. Hardly anybody talks about the obvious solution: simply break them down before adding them to the compost pile! In other words, give the microbes and insects and other denizens of the nano-scale world a break!

The energy invested in breaking down your food waste is usually less than 30 watts a day (an Insinkerator normally pulls about 380 Watt-hrs and is only used for about 5 minutes per day, hence 380/(60/5) or 380/12 = 31 watts. A person riding a typical bicycle generator can comfortably generate 75 watt-hours so a 20 minute leisurely workout gives plenty of energy if you wanted to produce your own power for the Insinkerator on a daily basis; we tend to use solar panels for our electricity because we are lazy!). The perceived energy savings in not having to turn the compost pile are what tend to drive acceptance of the Insinkerator-to-compost solution -- normal urban and suburban dwellers don't seem to mind investing time and energy and money from their "normal" jobs in buying green consumer goods like solar panels, or in getting a work-out that also creates electricity but the thought of having to "maintain" a compost pile on a regular basis over many months drives many people away from the art and sport of making compost. With the addition of about 10 to 20 liters of water for the food scraps from a family of four (soapy dishwashing wastewater is fine to use) the Insinkerator effortlessly grinds down all the food waste at the press of a button into a liquid slurry.

We've explored two ways to use the Insinkerator slurry for compost. The first is to port the outflow of the insinkerator into a bucket and carry it out to the compost. The second is to port the outflow into a 40 mm pipe that carries it out to the garden or porch digestor automatically.

Since the slurry is about 50% water and 50% ground up food waste, compost bins that are located on porches or cement surfaces or compact or clay-rich soils without drainage need to be built over a drain or over a collection pan or bucket that can be ported to a drain or to the garden. Where compost bins are located over soils with good drainage this is not a problem; the water portion of the slurry tends to sink right in to the earth because the quantities are not excessive. In any event the water portion of the Insinkerator slurry is great for irrigation, particularly when it passes through compost.

The ground up food waste portion of the slurry is in a sense predigested -- it is immediately available for earthworms, insects, arthropods, fungi, protozoa and bacteria to turn into soil. Because it is broken down, the finishing part of the composting process can occur very rapidly -- in Tamera, where there were earthworms already present, we witnessed perfect black well structured soil being created in as little as two days in some patches and three days in others. In Botswana the ubiquitous ants made short work of the food waste so that it had all but disappeared in just a few days, carried away in Insinkerator-ground ant-sized bites to immediately become part of the soil structure.

Ants can't easily carry away peach pits or even pumpkin seeds from a normal compost bin, to say nothing of orange skins and banana peels. But in an Insinkerator fed compost heap they find everything already available at the appropriate scale.

In many wildlife lodges in Africa composting is forbidden and food waste is actually burned or trucked out to landfill using fossil fuels because of a very realistic fear that seeds of non-native or domestic food crops in the compost bin will germinate and disturb the ecologies of the last remaining wilderness areas, as well as disturbing the foraging patterns of local wildlife. But the insinkerator shreds and reduces the seeds and other waste materials to a form and size where seeds cannot germinate and where all materials are easily taken away or further broken down by local insects and by worms.

And as for the worms, which are notoriously acid-sensitive, the Insinkerator eliminates all concerns about what we feed them. Since people tend to be omnivores and tend to eat a relatively balanced diet (at least as acidity and alkalinity are concerned!) the catholic feeding of an Insinkerator at every meal with citrus and salad and beans and all sorts of fruits and vegetables and meat and dairy means that the resulting slurry is usually pH neutral. For this reason we have observed that worms are attracted to the Insinkerator slurry in our compost heaps and seem to be eating everything with no problem.

For the same reason the normal compost prohibition against animal products (meat, dairy and bones) no longer applies. Mixed in with all the vegetable wastes and ground up so finely the resultant slurry tends to have the optimal ratios of Nitrogen and Carbon recommended by composters (between 1:20 and 1:30) In any event the insects and microorganisms make short work of the proteins and fats in the slurry (which are essential for growth and for maintaining cell membranes) and there are no smells or odors associated with them to attract larger "vermin". And the fascinating thing about the slurry is that it doesn't seem to attract many flies. This is probably because there is almost no safe place for flies to lay their eggs or for maggots to develop.

We should keep in mind that in a normal compost bin with large food chunks flies and their maggots play an important role in breaking down the food scraps so that they can turn into soil. The maggots in particular weave all sorts of holes throughout the food waste chunks and munch down many of the larger food particles. With the Insinkerator serving that function maggots become superfluous. It seems they then get out-competed by more rapid decomposers. For anybody who eats a lot of meat who still worries about flies, simply covering the slurry with a bit of grass eliminates the chance that they will discover the compost heap at all.

Do we even need a compost bin?

Culhane demonstrates how easy it is to simply pour the Insinkerator slurry directly on the garden, in many cases eliminating the need for a compost bin.

Culhane shows how the Insinkerator slurry can be used as the primary form of irrigation in the garden with the liquids passing directly to the plant roots while the solids remain above to be turned into soil within days.

A light covering of straw or grass keeps the solids moist and dark, encouraging worms to come an have at them. Unlike normal compost and vermicompost situations there is no restriction on what you feed the compost once it has all been ground together using the Insinkerator. pH is generally neutral and the carbon to nitrogen ratio more or less optimal even when feeding meat and dairy products into the mix.

The resulting soil, after only three days of in situ composting, has great friable structure, is rich in worms and worm castings, has a nice smell and is already available to the plant without turning or carrying.

Even with a large volume of citrus peels and tomato waste the worms appear happy in this soil, which they are co-creating right where it is needed most.

We ran experiments in both Botswana and Tamera where we decided not to use a compost bin at all to see what would happen if we simply put the Insinkerator slurry directly on the garden. In both cases we observed complete removal (by ants and other insects in Botswana) or complete transformation into soil (by earthworms and other organisms) within three days. The primary function of the compost bin -- to concentrate the food scraps into a mass that permits thermophilic activity to perpetuate and that retains its heat of decomposition -- seems to be less necessary once the food is already pre-digested. By spreading the slurry around the pumpkins in Tamera, for example, and then covering the ground up food waste with a bit of straw or grass or leaf matter to block UV radiation, it appeared that we created a nicely aerated moist structure that attracted the worms and pill bugs and others wanting to make short work of the feedstock. What was left behind when we went through the area with our fingers each day was beautiful friable black soil with a wonderful smell. We didn't bother to disperse the food waste each day to new locations -- it seemed it might be enough to spread the new food waste on the old (with that thin layer of grass or carbonaceous matter in between) and each few days the earlier layer had turned into soil. The water drained down to the roots of the plants each time we poured slurry on the garden and it appeared as though the water fraction of the Insinkerator slurry, applied each day, might be able to completely replace any other forms of irrigation.

This warrants more study, of course, because we had to leave after only two trials and so the results are not statistically significant, but they are very compelling. Temperature of course plays an enormously important role and it is safe to say that during colder months of the year a compost bin (or certainly a compost pile) would be necessary to maintain the proper habitat for the organisms responsible for the decay into soil -- we have built an insulated compost bin in our backyard in Germany for year round composting and are quite confident that unlike other German families who must shut down their composting in the winter, going back to dumping food scraps in the municipal bin, ours will continue to operate, particularly because the Insinkerator gives the food scraps a head start. But even if it gets too cold for any exothermic activity, the extreme volume reduction that the Insinkerator permits will allow us to keep dumping food waste into the compost bin all winter with no appreciable buildup until we can get back to direct garden application in the spring.

If further trials continue to show the promise we experienced in Botswana and Portugal we might be able to recommend that, in certain cases, insinkerator slurry be ported directly into specific "micro-compost" locations in gardens during the warm months and that this become a new form of greywater irrigation and soil formation with composting occurring more or less in situ rather than in a distant compost heap or bin whose soil would then have to be carried out to the garden and applied manually. If this proves to be the case then a lot of the labor associated with composting might be removed and acceptance of composting might rise to a level where we really can consider shutting down landfills.

Cautions about applying fresh material directly to the garden

I do not want to suggest here, however, that we should apply fresh Insinkerator slurry directly to the plants themselves. Our colleague Mark David Heath, who does development work in Chad, cautions that,

A significant issue with compost application is the proven "trauma" to plants when "fresh" or "un-aged" compost is applied. The application of this kind of compost, which is very much akin to your Insinkerator slurry, is that the plants suffer from the soil organisms "being busy" with the "sheet composting" of the "fresh" material. so, while your suggestions and improvements are excellent, since "size reduction", as you well state, is KEY to accelerated composting, I believe that you will find, if you well track the results over time, the same results that have been repeatedly found, for over one hundred years - apply well aged compost to plants or suffer a delay in plant growth. Therefore, it will be better to build up compost, following your methods, let it age, and then apply it to the plants.

With this in mind I do not want to mislead people. In our experience at Tamera (albeit limited in time and scope) the earthworm and other biological activity was occurring right at the surface (even above the normal soil layer) in the slurry itself so that what we observed after three days was a well composed soil. Taking Mark's experience to heart, a better solution than applying the fresh slurry directly to the plants might be if we built the new soil adjacent to the plants, in micro-compost patches around the garden that have a chance to age before they get raked into the immediate soil around the roots. Might that avoid the problem of possibly retarded plant growth?

We should also investigate the effect over time of "fresh" material on plants that are already well established (like the pumpkins next to which I was conducting my experiments).

I am taking my cues for these investigations partially from experiments done by Dr Anand Karve in Pune India at ARTI who told me "everybody thinks they should be feeding the plant roots when we have found it is better to feed the bacteria in the soil which in turn feed the plants. We tried grinding up fresh leaves and spreading them on healthy unturned soil that had an intact microbial population and got accelerated plant growth."

Karve's observation is that we have sterilized the soil through ploughing and turning, exposing it to too much UV radiation and heat, and we put the nail in the coffin by applying synthetic and therefore unbalanced fertilizers that disrupt a healthy soil microbe consortia. Karve champions no-till farming methods that allow the bacteria and other soil organisms to the work of supplying nutrients to the plants.

When we were in India Karve also told us that he observed that many leaves of plants drip sugar and nutrients to the soil below and that he suspects it has little to do with attracting pollinators or seed dispersers. He believed it had more to do with a symbiosis in which the plants are actively "feeding" their symbiotic bacteria in the soil. So this is something that perhaps bears more investigation, particularly taking into account Mark David Heath's observations and the historical record from the past century that fresh sheet composting delays plant growth.

Perhaps there is some subtle interaction we can tease out that allows strategic placement of "fresh" material in certain locations. We are basing some of our assumptions on the idea that in the pre-hominid era there would have been little "natural" cured composting (most plants would have endured fresh fruitfall and in situ rotting with occasional manuring). On the other hand, perhaps "nature" isn't the best model for attempting high productivity geared to human population demands.

We are certainly in agreement that placing fresh compost on plants can have a deleterious effect -- not the least of which is the "souring" of leaves, the blockage of effective photosynthesis, creation of anaerobia, possible overheating of plants through aerobic exothermia, etc.

We are grateful for the insights and experience and cautions that friends and colleagues like Mark offer, so please feel free to leave comments if you are reading this and have questions or insights to share. We look forward to collaborating on ever more nuanced understandings of the miracle that is our natural world, and looking into ways to improve the adoption rate of composting systems is certainly key to improving our cooperation with our non-human fellow travelers on planet Earth!

Of course we at Solar CITIES favor capturing the energy from food scraps ground up by the Insinkerator in home and community biogas digestors whose digestate is then used to fertilizer the garden and build soil. But there are many situations where winning acceptance of small scale biogas solutions will be harder than winning acceptance of more efficient composting regimes, and insofar as the Insinkerator has been now observed to work with nature to produce rich soil from food scraps in as little as three days we encourage this new Insinkerator/Composting symbiosis and will continue to do experiments that can establish its superiority to the normal methods.

We hope you will join us in these efforts to replace the idea that organic wastes are problems with data that proves they are vital solutions to our food, water, health and energy security.

Khumbu Trail Dhukla to Everest Base camp

2011-06-12T09:02:00.000-07:00

PLEASE NOTE: THESE ARE UNFINISHED POSTS AS I ASSEMBLE MY NOTES AND COMPILE RELEVANT PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THE SURVEY.
Photographs copyright 2011 by Caroline Howe

# 61 Location of the first "cotton ball plant" we find on the trail; I label it as "Star Lichen" because it has yellow flower like objects that look like stars which then become "cotton balls". It could be the "cushion plant."

#62 Dhukla. 1 PV 100 W facing SE, on far left roof, 2 100 W PV facing SE on inner roof, 1 100 W PV facing NE on gren roof, 2 solar cookers of different designs. 1 100 W PV facing SW on back of restaurant and 1 100 W PV on ground in store, unistalled, plus 20 Watt panel for kitchen light and 20 W panel on top for air pressure monitoring station. Location is 4,620 meters or 15,102 feet in altitude.

#63 Porter Rest House; 1 50 W MC pics 8245 and 8246

# 64 Kalapathar Lodge has Internet powered by a hodgepodge of different size and make of panels: 1 PC 180 W panel, 3 5 W panels, 2 10W panels (thin film), 3 20 W panels, 2 100 W panels, 3 50 W panel. It also has a solar Cooker and signs for the religion of "Lovism". Pictures 8248, 8249, 8258 through 8261.

#65 Alpine Inn. 100 W MC and 10 W MC, 1 80 W and one 20 W panel as well as a solar cooker. Pictures 8253 to 8257.

# 66 New Lodge Hotel Peak XV has 4 MC 50 W panels

#67 Above the clouds Lodge: Lobuche, 4930 meters. As snow falls we discover 1 Solar Cooker, 1 200 W panel MC, 1 PC 70 W panel, 1 75 W MC, 1 PC 30 W, 1 MC 30 W and 1 15 W. A Japanese tourist inside is using a Solar Power Film USB AA charger which has a flexible solar 5 W panel.

#68 Welcome to Sherpa Lodge and Restaurant. Pics 8263 to 8275. 3 PC 60 W panels, 1 30 W MC, 2 10W MC and 6 80 Watt panels, Pole Mounted.

# 69 HImalayan Eco Resort. Takes Visa and Mastercard. 4950 meters. Has 1 Air 403 wind generator on schedule 40 pole mounted just above roof. No guy wires. 2 180 W PC panels on top roof, 3 MC 100 Watt and 1 50 W panel behind. Two solar cookers by the tent and 4 MC 100 W panels behind.

# 70 Is the Italian Solar Pyramid; photos and description in a separate post.
#71 is the 15 KW hillside array running scientific equipment for the Solar Pyramid, covered in a separate post.
#72 is the ridge top between the solar pyramid and the trail to Everest Base camp.
#73 GPS point shows where we encountered our first tangible snow along the trail on May 15 2011, by the river.

These photographs show the glacial lakes near Everest Base camp that we found to have bubbles of what we believe are methane in them under the ice. To confirm, Culhane took a bottle of sediment from one of these lakes back to Germany and fed with sugar. Bubbling began immediately and a flame test created a pop. This is suggestive that there are active psychrophilic bacteria living in the glacial lake sediments, much as Dr. Katey Walter Anthony has discovered active methanogenic psychrophile in the artic circle. Both are becoming active as the permafrost melts due to global warming.
Dr. Dhananjay Regmi, whose doctoral work was on Khumbu alpine permafrost, suggested in personal conversation that the psychrophiles could be metabolizing shilajeet. This ancient form of stored carbon could be turning ever more rapidly into methane which could further aggravate global warming as it is released into the high altitude atmosphere. We hope to lead further expeditions to explore this issue more thoroughly in the near future.

# 74 Himalyan Lodge and First Telecom tower. As the pheasants call from the hillside we can see 20 x 180 W array, a 12 x 180 W array and a 2 x 4 x 180 W array powering the big telecom tower. On the hotel are 6 60 W panels and a solar cooker.

# 75 Gorakshep. 4 80 Watt solar panels and 2 solar cookers on top of the Buddha Lodge. 2 80 Watt and 1 15 W panel on Kalapathar Guest House. 3 120 W on far left of Sherpa Internet Cafe. 13 80 W panels on top of blue roof. 1 100 W panel on top of other high roof. 1 120 W, 1 75 W and one 60 W panel on green roof of Buddha Lodge. 2 80 W panels on lower green roof and a Solar Cooker.

# 76 Yeti Resort. Has 2 75 Watt panels facing in different directions in Gorakshep at 5140 meters.

#77 5.12 KW PV Array for telecommunications: 2 x 32 x 80 W array for the telecom towers just at the edge of the Yeti resort

#78 To of Kalapathar mountain has a 40 Watt solar panel powering a weather station.

# 79 From the Peak of Kalapathar at 5545 meters we can see a second PV panel across the saddleback ridge but it is too dangerous to reach. (Notes: We climbed from the base of Kalapathar at 3:30 pm and took until 5:00 to summit, reaching the ridge at 4:30 and we returned to the lodge by 6:00 pm).

# 80 Everest Base Camp: A virtual Solar City. IMG, International Mountain Guides is one of the three large camps at Everest that has been using photovoltaics for the last 20 years. At IMG they have 3 Polycrystalline 80 W panels, an array of 9 thin film 50W panels and another 80 W Polycrystalline. They have solar lanterns scattered about and 1 120 W PC panel down the hill along with lots of smaller panels. The owner says, "Almost everybody has solar energy up here for their tents and the sherpas all know how to set them up and run them. It is standard now. Every villager has them and will use them until the hydro power comes in."

Survey of Renewable Energy systems along the Khumbu Trail en route from Lukla to Mount Everest PART15.

2011-06-12T07:59:00.000-07:00

SOLAR CITIES

Feeling Insecure about Food Security? Try tree cereals...

Using an Insinkerator to create a rich compost soil in 3 days instead of 3 weeks or 3 months......

Time Limit for Creating the Compost Heap

Khumbu Trail Dhukla to Everest Base camp

Survey of Renewable Energy systems along the Khumbu Trail en route from Lukla to Mount Everest PART15.

PLEASE NOTE: THESE ARE UNFINISHED POSTS AS I ASSEMBLE MY NOTES AND COMPILE RELEVANT PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THE SURVEY

photos courtesy of Caroline Howe.

Solar Pyramid along the Everest Trail

#71 15 KW Science Station on Hill. 7 x 6 x 80 W panels in one array and 9 x 6 x 80 W in second array.